means (sem)

Type meaning
http://example.org/cx/hasExample He got into the army by lying about his age
http://example.org/cx/hasExample He lied about his age and got into the army
Definition the semantic relation between two events where one event accompanies the other event and further characterizes the other event in some way. Example: He got into the army by lying about his age is a figure--ground construal of the means relation in an adverbial clause construction, and He lied about his age and got into the army is a complex figure construal of the relation in a coordinate clause construction. In the figure--ground construal, the accompanying event is construed as the ground. (Section 15.3.1)
altLabel positive circumstantial
See section (in Croft 2022) 15.3.1
Function of means construction
Subtype of event relation

Source

The Model of Comparative concepts for Constructicon Alignment (MoCCA; Lorenzi et al. 2024) proposes to connect constructions across and within languages using Comparative Concepts as a shared base of comparison. It adopts the set of Comparative Concepts provided by Croft (2022).

Croft, William. 2022. Morphosyntax: Constructions of the World’s Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/morphosyntax/1AAB4F5F9C553F675170DCA3F03F82E2#contents. (14 October, 2025).
Lorenzi, Arthur, Peter Ljunglöf, Ben Lyngfelt, Tiago Timponi Torrent, William Croft, Alexander Ziem, Nina Böbel, Linnéa Bäckström, Peter Uhrig & Ely E Matos. 2024. MoCCA: A Model of Comparative Concepts for Aligning Constructicons. In Proceedings of the 20th Joint ACL - ISO Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation @ LREC-COLING 2024, 93–98. Torino, Italia: ELRA and ICCL. https://aclanthology.org/2024.isa-1.12/. (22 July, 2025).

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